To lend helping hands: in-group favoritism, uncertainty avoidance and the national frequency of pro-social behaviors

Nation-level differences in individuals' reports of helping strangers, donating money to charity, and volunteering time were analyzed, drawing on nationally representative survey data from 135 nations. Frequency of these three behaviors yielded a reliable index of prosocial behavior. All three behaviors were found to be more frequent in nations that score low on an index of in-group favoritism and score low on uncertainty avoidance. Helping a stranger was also more frequent in nations with greater income inequality. The use of a wide sample of nations provides a more valid understanding of what kinds of cultures favor prosocial actions and indicates that national wealth is a less important contributor to the differences that are found than is the case in other aspects of cultural difference.